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Mobilising Urban Policies: The Policy Transfer of US Business Improvement Districts to England and Wales

Geography Discipline, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, Arthur Lewis Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK, ianrobertcook{at}yahoo.co.uk

This paper examines the ways in which policies are transferred between places: how they are disembedded from, and re-embedded into, new political, economic and social contexts. To do this, the paper will draw upon a case study of the transfer of Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) from the US to England and Wales. Within this, the paper demonstrates how they were a response to fiscal problems facing city-centre management in England and Wales; how US BIDs were socially constructed as `successful' and `transferable'; and how the BID `model' was reshaped prior to and following its rolling-out in England and Wales. The paper concludes by stressing six wider conceptual points about the nature of urban policy transfer.

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